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The book offers a critical engagement with the contemporary field of artificial intelligence, understanding it not as an exclusively technological phenomenon but as an epistemic event that reshapes the production of meaning in today’s societies. Artificial intelligence does not merely introduce or optimize new computing and information-processing tools; its presence redefines the realm of human experience. The algorithm is today the primary operator of meaning in data-saturated societies. Its mode of operation—extracting correlations, optimizing functions, modeling behaviors, generating probabilistic responses—constitutes a new epistemic regime that displaces logos as the primary mediator between language and the world. The algorithm does not appear as a technique for information processing, but as a form of rationalization, as a device for constructing meaning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jefatura de Publicaciones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research acknowledges the importance of listening to everyday sounds in their objective reality. It proposes a “narrative of form” that redefines our relationship with sound. It is not about what sound communicates, but how it does so. The reader is invited to engage in a perceptual experience with sound forms—an immersion in the sensation of sound that leads them to fill in the form with content drawn from their own life story and cultural context. Based on a methodology—which emerged from the research—centered on the experimental design of “literate” sound pieces that are then “deletered” to uncover new meanings, this work offers new tools for experiencing sound and promotes communication grounded in deep bodily listening. It is a nascent field with applications in advertising, education, and art, as well as for the creation of sensory communication content.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jefatura de Publicaciones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Public Health and the Social Determinants of Health
The doctoral dissertations included in this book address a broad and valuable range of public health issues. One of their central themes is the theory of the social determinants of health. This theory, with a strong national character, has been developed since the 1970s at the intersection of critical theories of space, society, and culture; the application to health of social sciences such as political economy, sociology, anthropology, and critical health communication; and critical sciences concerning the society-nature metabolism and ecosystems. This book synthesizes the rigorous and thought-provoking findings of a distinguished group of scientists who, beyond fully meeting the requirements of doctoral rigor, adhere to the hopeful ethics of intellectuals who see themselves as integral to a science deeply linked to the construction of a healthy and equitable world. Public Health and the Social Determinants of Health is a must-read for those seeking comprehensive and critical thinking, as it offers a broad and powerful panorama of new ideas, reinforced by diverse methodologies and analytical tools.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jefatura de Publicaciones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This book examines, within the framework of legal pluralism, the ritual and conflict known as tinku (ritual fights), which is practiced in certain Andean communities in Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. These ritual fights are simultaneous events that take place during sacred celebrations held at different times of the year and are associated with religious festivals and the Andean agricultural calendar. Although they are fraught with violence, they constitute effective sacrifices because they embody a normative system and mechanisms for conflict resolution. This normative framework in no way coincides with the provisions of the state legal system or the indigenous justice system. Its primary purpose is to express rejection of the prevailing normative forms that neither regulate nor emancipate. This study aims to show how, through ritual, a valid and legitimate form of conflict resolution can be achieved in the societies where it is practiced. For the proper reconstruction and understanding of ritual fights, this work develops and applies the intercultural method and the literary description of these phenomena. These elements will allow the reader to immerse themselves in a different reality that requires understanding from an intercultural perspective.
“Revisiting Barthes” is the result of reflections from the annual seminar organized by the Communication Department at UASB-E to analyze the work of a thinker whose impact on communication studies remains profound. The study seeks to understand communication from an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspective to demonstrate that the field is always intersected by other bodies of knowledge—knowledge that is inescapable and ever-present in the events of today’s world. One of the authors of these studies is the French semiologist Roland Barthes, whose work—spanning literary studies, criticism, and semiology—is pivotal for its approaches to cinema, advertising, theater, and art. His perspective on the diverse phenomena of modernity is essential as it also enables an understanding of media culture. This book brings together several texts from the seminar “Revisiting Barthes,” which demonstrate his continued relevance in our field.
Indigenous Women, Armed Conflict, and Sexual Violence
This work explores women and fear: women caught in the midst of war, where love, consent, and rights do not exist… There, violence against women is not limited to the sexual sphere but also serves the purposes of war. Its effects are highly detrimental to their life plans, sexual and reproductive health, and their environment. These effects are perpetuated when they are unable to access justice or receive symbolic reparations. This book explores the social inequalities and the intersection of discriminatory factors affecting Awá indigenous women who have been victims of sexual violence in the Colombian armed conflict.
Global capitalism and the ruling classes have begun to advocate measures to address the climate and eco-social crisis, but under the banner of the ecological transition, these “climate solutions” are leading to new socio-environmental injustices and green colonialism. The Global North’s green growth plans based on “clean” energy require the large-scale extraction of strategic minerals from the Global South. Against this backdrop, this book brings together prominent activists and intellectuals from every continent to examine green colonialism and propose alternatives. It offers an analysis of green extractivism and corporate transitions, examines global interdependencies and interconnections, and presents different paths toward alternatives to development and a socio-ecological transformation grounded in global justice. “This is essential reading for those fighting to create a world where ‘life is at the center.’ Study groups should be organized to spread its proposals and visions of a different, life-affirming future.” Silvia Federici
Los lenguajes de la masculinidad: La novela en América Latina en la segunda mitad del siglo XX se define por la forma en que relaciona algunos lenguajes —que define como genitales— con los flujos del poder. Por sus páginas danzan categorías como espacio homosocial, male qaze, masculinidad hegemónica, privilegio eréctil, poder de penetración, corporación masculina o economía política de los genitales para construir una hermenéutica, una lectura particular de libros canónicos como La ciudad y los perros, El otoño del patriarca y El Gran Sertón: Veredas, entre otros. Este libro, por tanto, se ubica en el vértice entre el estudio de la literatura y las masculinidades.
Environmental Taxation and the “Polluter Pays” Principle
This book examines environmental taxation as a mechanism for ecological protection aligned with public objectives to reduce levels of pollution and environmental degradation. In light of this approach, it explores the connections between tax law and environmental law, grounded in the “polluter pays” principle, through a holistic and cross-cutting framework that reinforces the protective mission of environmental law with tax-related provisions. In this context, the book highlights the ability of taxation to internalize negative environmental externalities, encouraging—through incentives or disincentives—behavioral changes that lead to risk reduction to prevent or minimize environmental impacts, including remediation. The book examines the reality in Ecuador through a study of environmental taxation in the country, noting the advances and setbacks in this area, as well as the challenges posed by its design and proper implementation.
The Restructuring of the State Through Governmental Regimes in Ecuador, 2008–2012
This work examines the process of state formation and reproduction in Ecuador between 2008 and 2012, which was reinforced by a combination of modern techniques of power grounded in a technocratic, knowledge-intensive form of government, and by various disciplinary techniques of governance based on the correction and reform of specific populations. It also analyzes three areas of state formation: the construction of narratives about the state that seek to legitimize its presence in society by incorporating the worldviews of indigenous peoples and the ways in which these come into tension or conflict with the state’s own “developmentalist” narratives; the different ways in which the state apprehends, organizes, distributes, and ultimately creates specific fields of intervention in the area of participatory planning; and the ways in which the state exercises different forms of power in governing the participation of popular movements, specifically the indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian movements. The general argument of this study is that the State reproduces itself through the creation/constitution of ontologies of intervention in society.
The military junta and its repercussions
The 1960s marked the beginning of a new historical period in Ecuador, characterized by profound structural transformations in the economic, agricultural, demographic, social, cultural, and political spheres. Several measures adopted by the Military Junta (1963–1966) were decisive in underpinning these changes, including the enactment of the Agrarian Reform Law, the National Security Law, and the first Economic and Social Development Plan. This military dictatorship imposed harsh state repression, directed especially at the left and social organizations, amid the acute ideological polarization triggered by the Cuban Revolution and the United States’ imposition of Cold War geopolitics on all Latin American countries. Renowned scholars such as Enrique Ayala Mora, Carlos Larrea, César Montúfar, Bertha García, Roque Espinosa, Patricio Moncayo, Carlos Pástor, Diana Íñiguez, Manuel Salgado, Julia Ortega, and Fernando Balseca, provide a multidisciplinary snapshot of the decade that not only addresses historiographical, political, and economic aspects but also delves into international factors, changes in the media, and cultural ruptures. The Military Junta and Its Repercussions: The 1960s and the Contemporary History of Ecuador is an invitation to reexamine and discuss central aspects of Ecuador’s current history.
Literary Amazonia subverts the canons of conventional Colombian novel-writing. The author analyzes four novels dismissed by specialized literary criticism: En el corazón de la América virgen (1924) by Julio Quiñones; El paraíso del diablo (1966) by Alberto Montezuma; Perdido en el Amazonas (1978) by Germán Castro Caycedo; and Finales para Aluna (2013) by Selnich Vivas. From this corpus, he brings to light various modes of expression native to the Amazonian territory: dance, ritual, song, ancestral poetry, sacred mandates, and the imagery of the gift, which, among other elements, reveal on their own that the jungle is not a “green hell,” as the West has portrayed it, but a place with the potential to be livable. The author confronts us with a critical framework for deep and emotional discussions about ecocide, genocide, epistemicide, colonization, sexual identity, and narco-graphics—topics that are addressed from the margins of the literary center and through a precise analytical lens that makes it possible to rethink the cultures of the forest from the narrative heterodiscursivity of these four writers.
Day Laborers, Large Landowners, and the Cocoa Export Industry, 1790–1925
In this work, Manuel Chiriboga offers a comprehensive and systematic overview of the role of cacao in our history, highlighting the profound implications for the Ecuadorian economy of its booms, crises, and depressions, as well as the impact caused by the country’s integration into the international capitalist economy as a leading producer of the “golden bean” In addition to meeting the highest standards from the perspective of economic analysis, the author has made a conscious choice to focus on the social actors involved in this long and complex process. Beyond the analysis of productive units and the functioning of the economy as a whole lies the definition of the collective protagonists of history: the workers and the “great cacao growers.” Following Teodoro Wolf’s Geography, this is the social science study that provides the greatest amount of first-hand information and documentation, which is why it has undoubtedly become a classic in this field. This third edition is a joint effort by the National Publishing Corporation and the Simón Bolívar Andean University, Ecuador Campus.
La inclusión social y económica es uno de los espacios pro equidad que, activado de forma integrada, permite, a través de acciones reales multiactivadoras, tomar en cuenta e incluir a aquellas personas que, por su situación de vulnerabilidad, necesitan de oportunidades para enfrentar los retos de un mundo muy cambiante. El emprendimiento en el sector de las mipymes abre un gran campo para la creación de empleo digno, que es una fuente para producir ingresos que ayudan a mejorar el bienestar de las personas y familias involucradas en los procesos objetos de inclusión. En esta obra colectiva participan como autores, por Brasil: Samuel Martins, Simone Nunes Costa, Víctor Silva Correa y Gláucia Maria Vasconcellos Vale; por Chile: Tarek Abdo, Georgina Cipoletta Tomassian y Esteban Pérez Caldentey; por Ecuador: Cristina Acuña Bermeo, Wilson Araque Jaramillo, Andrés Argüello Salazar, Jaime Breilh Paz y Miño, Vanessa Burneo Celi, Edgar Carvajal Acevedo, Estefanía Cevallos Rodríguez, Santiago García Álvarez, María José González Calle, Germán Granda, Mónica lzurieta Guevara, Celia Jara Galdeman, Juan Manuel Maldonado Matute y Juan Pablo Sempértegui Muñoz; y por Venezuela: Rebeca Vidal.
A Social History of Communication in Ecuador, 1960–2020
This third volume of the Social History of Communication in Ecuador covers the period from 1960 to the early decades of the 21st century. It comprises ten chapters. The first six chapters provide a largely chronological account of developments—both before and after the advent of the internet—in Ecuador’s print media, radio, television, magazines, alternative press, and cinema. The next three chapters specifically address the transformation of telecommunications, followed by the digital revolution in information and communication, and the emergence of the networked society—or how the media have had to shift their focus to smartphone screens and social media. A final chapter shifts focus from the media to its workers, chronicling the ups and downs of the professional association of communicators in Ecuador.
This work aims to provide a brief overview of the development of Ecuadorian historiography from the colonial period to the early 21st century. It examines the historical scholarship produced in our country over time. This examination is organized by periods and stages, by genres and trends, and also by individual authors and institutions. Obviously, it neither aims to be nor can it be exhaustive. It sets out key milestones, examines relevant historians, identifies trends, and provides references. Its longest chapter follows the diachronic sequence of Ecuador’s history within the framework of a specific periodization that we have been collectively discussing and developing over the past decades, and which the author has systematically presented in the book published in 2014: History, Time, and Knowledge of the Past. In another chapter, this work also examines historical production from a thematic perspective, though not its possible classifications. Finally, the book includes observations on topics not covered and on the prospects for historical studies in the present and the future.
Guillermo Rodríguez Lara is one of the most prominent figures in Mexican public life over the past sixty years. He served as head of state for four years during a period of profound national change, and he is also a leading representative of the generation of nationalist officers in the Armed Forces who were committed to a project of development, renewal, and modernization for the country. This book contains an interview conducted by Enrique Ayala Mora with General Rodríguez Lara, in which he recounts his long life, from his birth in Pujilí to his retirement from public life in 1976, and up to the present. Its pages contain memories of his studies and military missions as a young officer, his command roles, the conspiracy that brought him to power, and his tenure as President of the Republic at the head of the “Revolutionary Nationalist Government of the Armed Forces.” In its final pages, the veteran military leader is portrayed as an observer of the country and a provincial landowner. Rodríguez Lara’s account is complemented by a large number of photographs, several of them previously unpublished, and by an overview of his government’s work prepared by him, which is published at the end.
Gabriel García Moreno is the most controversial figure in Ecuadorian history: his detractors and defenders have expressed irreconcilable differences, polarizing interpretations of him. While the former have labeled him a tyrant and a “saint of the gallows,” his defenders regard him as a “martyr of Christian law” and have sought to elevate him to sainthood. His assassination was one of the most atrocious political crimes in our history. In this work, Ayala Mora brings together three key moments from his studies on García Moreno: “Gabriel García Moreno and the Formation of the National State in Ecuador,” a pioneering explanation of Garcianism based on the methods of New History; “The Assassination of Gabriel García Moreno,” a meticulous historical reconstruction of the crime, drawing on new documentary sources; and “García Moreno and His Regime in Recent Historical Studies,” a detailed bibliographic assessment that brings the reader up to date on what has been published about the figure and his era. This book is an invitation to dialogue and a deeper understanding of our history, and it settles a debt owed by New History to a key figure in the Ecuadorian nation.
Studies on the integration and use of ICT in education
This book presents two studies on the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICT) and education. The first examines the integration of ICT into teacher training based on the TPACK techno-educational model. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a noticeable adaptation of ICT to teaching processes, with teachers playing a key role. The second study presents findings on the technology-mediated relationships and interactions among members of the educational community based on the theoretical model of the Community of Inquiry (CoI) through its three dimensions: cognitive, social, and instructional. It is hoped that both studies will contribute to improving teacher education and professional development programs in incorporating these resources into daily classroom practice. This work serves as an invitation for educational institutions to promote the development of teachers’ digital competencies in their teacher education programs and to leverage technology to strengthen and expand educational processes in the post-pandemic era.
The State and Development Under the Rafael Correa Administration, 2007–2017
This book examines what became of the model of the state and the development paradigm defined at the Montecristi Constitutional Convention. Added to the inherently elusive nature of “defining what the capitalist state in Latin America is and how it functions” is the confusion generated by the Correa regime, which, by proclaiming itself “progressive,” “revolutionary,” and “socialist,” has contributed to greater opacity in the debate, both in academic circles and in political circles. An assessment of the decade shows that the capitalist system remained virtually untouched and that the regime’s popularity, electoral victories, and continued hold on power can be explained by abundant economic revenues, the construction of visible public works, social policies that widespread the use of direct cash transfers recommended by the World Bank, and current spending that created the illusion that Ecuador was emerging from the deep crisis caused by neoliberal adjustment and was transforming into a more modern and prosperous society. Also influential was the alienating and massive advertising that captured the consciousness of the most unsuspecting and depoliticized sectors of society. This study demonstrates that no effort was made to implement development policies to eliminate inequality, racism, and internal colonialism, among other scourges that still characterize the current unitary national state.
This book seeks to define the historical and cultural conditions in Latin America in which Baroque aesthetics reemerged as cinematic Neo-Baroque in the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century, as well as the way in which these conditions—along with the aesthetics of ornamentation, subjective time, the “crystal image,” and the composability of the world and time—redefine the relationship between religion and eros as an anti-religious critique in ten Latin American films: Deseos (Mexico, 1977–1983), by Rafael Corkidi; La mansión de Araucaíma (Colombia, 1986), by Carlos Mayolo; Santa sangre (Mexico, 1989), by Alejandro Jodorowsky; Barroco (Mexico, 1989), by Paul Leduc; Yo, la peor de todas (Argentina, 1990), by María Luisa Bemberg; El evangelio de las maravillas (Mexico, 1998), by Arturo Ripstein; Combat of Love in Dreams (Portugal, 2000), by Raoul Ruiz; Madeinusa (Peru, 2006), by Claudia Llosa; Blak Mama (Ecuador, 2009), by Miguel Alvear and Patricio Andrade; and The Passion of Michelangelo (Chile, 2013), by Esteban Larraín. This neo-Baroque or “opulent shot” would be the secular/profane/anti-moral expression, in cinematic terms, of one of the central tenets of Baroque art.
Constitutional Decisions and the Political System in Bolivia
This work contributes to the study of the highest courts in Latin America through the case of Bolivia’s Plurinational Constitutional Court. It explores variations in case law and shifts in judicial positions under the same material conditions within a hegemonic political context. It explains the phenomenon under examination through the theory that both political and constitutional ideas can shape judicial decision-making. It suggests three factors or conditions that generate this link: the emergence of conflicting discourses, the institutional arrival at the court of actors imbued with rival ideas, and institutional design and implementation based on political ideas. Through the case study and the methodological guidelines of process tracking and participant observation, it is evident that both constitutional and political ideas influence judicial decision-making and institutions. The results confirm that strategic calculations can determine whether or not rights are protected, and reveal that expert advisors and activists can act as agents of persuasion and generate genuine motivations to protect them.
Social Cohesion in Collective Organizations
It’s easy to participate in collective decision-making! A group, an association, or a cooperative, by its very nature, fosters collaboration within its ranks. The government is responsible for participatory policies. A leader must promote collaboration within the team. Is this true? These assumptions and truths may be myths that often clash with various human and social challenges, which ultimately highlight the complexity of collective decision-making, participatory processes, and collaboration, and affect governance within organizations. This book explores some of these complexities. The book brings together some concepts, cases, and preliminary lessons from an emerging debate that aims to broaden discussions on how to promote participation, cooperation, and governance in these organizations. The experiences gathered in Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, and Colombia contribute to a regional perspective.
In Ecuador, 30,000 families work in the recycling industry. Sixty percent work or live in open-air dumps. These state-owned spaces are transformed into community spaces from which resources for self-sufficiency (use value) are obtained and, gradually, through the sale of recyclable materials, an exchange value that in most cases does not even amount to half a minimum wage. The Portoviejo landfill is the community territory that ensures the social and material survival of more than four hundred recycling families. In that patch of littered and hidden dry forest lie, like Epicurus’s paradox, those forgotten by God and the State. People are born, live, and die at the landfill. There you fall in love, build a life, make friends, and create history. There, hundreds of girls and adolescents grow up in the open air. Without rights, they find themselves confined to modern ghettos. Their bodies sacrificially embody the results of territorial, racist, and classist segregation. The landfill, as the center of these modern ghettos, has fostered spaces for organization and resistance, marking an indispensable milestone in the birth of the recycling movement.
Toolkit for Strengthening Public Procurement Processes in Local Governments in Ecuador
This toolkit is designed to guide officials of municipal and provincial Decentralized Autonomous Governments (GADs) toward more efficient and transparent public procurement practices. To achieve this goal, it provides detailed and practical information on the procedures outlined in Ecuador’s Public Procurement System Law. Within this toolkit, you will find guides on procurement procedures for the acquisition of goods, the provision of services, the execution of construction projects, and consulting services. For each of these, a step-by-step guide is included, starting from the identification of the procurement need through to the conclusion of the procedure. Each stage is addressed specifically, providing clarity on the steps that must be followed. It also provides practical recommendations focused on driving continuous improvement, promoting transparency, and optimizing effectiveness during the preparatory and pre-contractual stages of procurement procedures. This toolkit aims to simplify the adoption of best practices in public procurement and strengthen the capacity of municipal and provincial GADs. The goal is for these entities to conduct transparent procurement processes that boost the local economy and meet the needs of the communities they serve.
Access to credit plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of any country. In the specific context of Ecuador, analyzing access to financial services becomes a fundamental component for understanding economic dynamics and the opportunities available to individuals and businesses. This study assesses the current state of access to credit in the country by examining its challenges, opportunities, and impact on the population, financial institutions, and the country’s economic landscape. Over the past decade, Ecuador has undergone significant transformations in its economic structure and the dynamics of its financial system. These changes, along with socioeconomic and political factors, have influenced the accessibility and availability of credit services for various sectors of the Ecuadorian population. This study will examine in detail the patterns and enablers that affect financial inclusion in a country with remarkable geographic, cultural, and economic diversity. Analyzing the current state of access to credit in Ecuador is essential for identifying areas for improvement, proposing policy and strategic recommendations, and promoting financial inclusion as a key driver of sustainable economic growth and social equity in the nation.
November 15. One hundred years, 1922–2022
The general strike and the massacre of November 15, 1922, in Guayaquil became a defining milestone in Ecuador’s history. They marked the country’s first major urban popular mobilization and “the working class’s baptism of blood.” These events had an immediate impact on the national scene, but they also had a long-term influence, with effects lasting for a century. This book, the result of a seminar held to mark the centennial of the events of November 15, addresses these central themes through various perspectives on reality. Academics and social leaders contribute as authors. This volume publishes these studies in the order in which they were presented: Germán Rodas Chaves, Gaitán Villavicencio, Willington Paredes Ramírez, Wilson Miño Grijalva, Alexis Oviedo Oviedo, Jonier Maldonado, Enrique Ayala Mora, Saudia Levoyer Salas, Marco Antonio Rodríguez, Marcela Arellano Villa, Víctor Granda Aguilar, Leonardo Ogaz Arce, and Edison Paredes Buitrón. Their reflections are essential for understanding the wounds of the homeland and the construction of an alternative social and economic model.
El engagement laboral del docente y su incidencia en el estudiante
Esta investigación busca medir la satisfacción de los estudiantes de posgrado a distintos niveles de engagement laboral de sus docentes. Para ello se utilizó la encuesta UWES y el cuestionario de evaluación docente de la universidad de posgrado en la que se realizó el estudio. La encuesta se aplicó a 26 de los 31 docentes y se consideró la evaluación realizada por 784 de los 861 estudiantes que tomaron clase con ellos durante un trimestre del año académico. Los docentes que reportaron valores más altos de vigor fueron evaluados con calificaciones más altas por su capacidad de generar un ambiente de participación en el aula. En función de este resultado, se pudo identificar la necesidad de plantear políticas y recomendaciones para mejorar el involucramiento y la gestión docente.
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Este libro pretende dibujar el rostro del aborto clandestino desde sus consecuencias irreparables en la vida de las mujeres diversas, hasta sus implicaciones sociales, políticas y jurídicas en Ecuador. En el campo del derecho, busca visibilizar el carácter anacrónico e inconstitucional de la penalización de esta práctica, ya que, además de constituirse en un instrumento patriarcal sobre el cuerpo de las mujeres, no protege la vida potencial del no nato y ha generado serias violaciones a los derechos constitucionales y humanos, evidenciando la clara inoperancia estatal frente a este problema de salud pública, a pesar del marco constitucional ecuatoriano denominado garantista. El texto analiza la forma en que la ampliación del contenido de varios derechos constitucionales, a la luz de un enfoque de género, no solo permite observar a la penalización del aborto como una tipificación irrazonable, sino que brindaría la posibilidad de reconocer el acceso a un aborto seguro como un derecho emancipador y transformador, el cual debe ser formulado escuchando las voces de las mujeres. La investigación cuenta con historias de vida de mujeres que decidieron interrumpir su embarazo en condiciones de clandestinidad, aporte que ayuda a comprender con mayor claridad los efectos simbólicos, objetivos y subjetivos de la criminalización del aborto
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Los huracanes que arrasaron el sistema de inteligencia
La reforma al sistema de inteligencia, impulsada por el Gobierno de Rafael Correa entre 2008 y 2009, no se explica únicamente por el bombardeo colombiano al campamento de las FARC asentado en Angostura –y en donde se encontraba alias Raúl Reyes–, o por la influencia del Gobierno de Estados Unidos en algunos estamentos policiales, determinada por los informes que hicieron las comisiones especiales nombradas por el Ejecutivo. Este trabajo pretende ampliar esas explicaciones hacia dos operativos antinarcóticos hechos antes y después del mencionado bombardeo por la Policía, y cuyas revelaciones, respecto a los vínculos de algunos altos funcionarios del Estado a la guerrilla colombiana y al narcotráfico, que son de conocimiento público, pusieron al sistema de inteligencia en la mira gubernamental. Los cambios finalmente se ejecutaron y devolvieron, por un lado, un sentido de soberanía y, por otro, produjeron un vacío durante la transición del anterior al nuevo sistema de inteligencia, que pudo ser aprovechado por el crimen organizado. Las estadísticas policiales, exhibidas por las autoridades políticas, muestran un crecimiento en la captura de droga y la presencia de laboratorios y capos en Ecuador en ese período. Esta investigación, sin duda, resulta polémica, pero necesaria no solo para entender desde una visión más amplia lo sucedido en el sistema de inteligencia, sino porque deja en evidencia muchas preguntas que con el paso de los años no han tenido respuestas.
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